PLS-based EWMA fault detection strategy for process monitoring

Fault detection (FD) and diagnosis in industrial processes is essential to ensure process safety and maintain product quality. Partial least squares (PLS) has been used successfully in process monitoring because it can effectively deal with highly correlated process variables. However, the conventional PLS-based detection metrics, such as the Hotelling's T² and the Q statistics are ill suited to detect small faults because they only use information from the most recent observations. Other univariate statistical monitoring methods, such as the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control scheme, has shown better abilities to detect small faults. However, EWMA can only be used to monitor single variables. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to combine the advantages of the univariate EWMA and PLS methods to enhance their performances and widen their applicability in practice. The performance of the proposed PLS-based EWMA FD method was compared with that of the conventional PLS FD method through two simulated examples, one using synthetic data and the other using simulated distillation column data. The simulation results clearly show the effectiveness of the proposed method over the conventional PLS, especially in the presence of faults with small magnitudes.     

The effects of breath alcohol concentration on postural control

Background: Two of the 3 standardized field sobriety tests that U.S. law enforcement uses at roadside checks have a postural equilibrium component to them. Those tests have been validated to detect impairment caused by blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of 0.08 g/dL or above. Many medical and traffic safety associations support a lower limit, and one state, Utah, has passed a law to lower the limit to 0.05 g/dL. Many studies have examined the effects of alcohol on postural control (of which postural equilibrium is a component), with a consensus emerging that impairment is usually found at BACs greater than 0.06 g/dL. Most of these studies, however, had a relatively small number of subjects, usually between 10 and 30. The current study collected data from a much larger sample.

Objective: The objective of this study was to provide additional evidence that posture control is negatively affected at BACs greater than 0.06 g/dL or breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs) of 0.06 g/210 L.

Method: This was a between-subjects study, with BrAC group as the independent variable (5 levels: 0.00, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 g/210 L); 4 measures of postural control as the dependent variables; and age, height, and weight as the covariates. Posture control was measured with a force-sensing platform connected to a computer. The feet's center of pressure (CoP) on the platform was recorded and the corresponding movement of the body in the anterior–posterior and lateral planes was derived. Participants (N = 96) were randomly assigned to one of the BrAC groups. Positive BrAC groups were compared to the zero BrAC group. Data were examined with hierarchical multiple regression.

Results: Adjusted for age, height, and weight, the main effect of lateral CoP with eyes open was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant main effect of alcohol on anterior–posterior CoP excursion with eyes open and with eyes closed and lateral CoP excursion with eyes closed. For all 3 of those variables, only BrACs of 0.08 and 0.10 g/210 L produced differences against zero BrAC. Although the main effect of alcohol on Lateral CoP Excursion with eyes open was not statistically significant, the contrasts between 0 and 0.08 and 0 and 0.10 g/210L BrAC were in the hypothesized direction.

Conclusion: The current study did not directly address the issue of whether the sobriety tests are sensitive to BrACs of 0.05 g/210 L or above; rather, it provides additional evidence that postural control, one of the components of those tests, is relatively unaffected by BrACs lower than 0.08 g/210 L. Additional research is needed on the diagnostic characteristics of the sobriety tests at BrACs lower than 0.08 g/210 L.     

国家生态环境监测“十四五”展望

"十四五"时期,生态文明改革持续深入,生态环境治理将向精准治污、科学治污、依法治污转变,这对加快推进生态环境监测体系与监测能力现代化提出了迫切要求。因此,本文从网络建设、体制机制、服务效能等方面,对生态环境监测所取得的进展与成效进行了系统分析,并对国家生态环境监测面临的机遇与挑战进行了深入剖析。在此基础上,针对支撑评价排名、服务精准治污、有序衔接新职能、建设大数据平台、强化数据应用、深化综合评价、理顺体制机制、推动产学研用、提升基础能力等方面,提出了"十四五"期间国家生态环境监测发展的相关建议。     

土壤污染风险规制中的行政裁量研究

我国土壤污染风险规制在专家遴选标准、建设用地和农用地污染风险管控要求，以及风险管控措施等方面存在不同程度的行政裁量。社会理性和科学理性的缺失形成了土壤污染风险行政裁量困局。土壤污染信息制度中“适时公开”的规定使得公众缺乏必要污染信息，弱化其参与程度，导致对行政决定合法性的质疑。此外，土壤污染风险管控标准中专家遴选标准和论证规则的欠缺导致土壤污染风险规制科学理性的缺失。为此，需要建构关照事实和规范的协商式行政裁量模式，强调公众的实质性参与以弥合技术理性和公众理性的鸿沟。同时，在程序上确定专家遴选标准和风险管控标准的论证规则以保证土壤污染风险管控的科学性和客观性。在不妨碍行政裁量权灵活性和能动性的前提下，规范行政裁量权的行使，控制行政裁量权的滥用。     

Environmental forensic investigation of the air pollution from a cement manufacturing unit

Abstract

Cement manufacturing is a process that results in the emission of significant quantities of suspended particulate matter (SPM) to the ambient air. An environmental forensic investigation was carried out in the surroundings of a major cement manufacturing unit at a place called Coimbatore in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The investigation was carried out to identify the contribution of the cement manufacturing unit to the SPM concentration of the surrounding air environment. The sampling points’ selection and sample collection were done following the principles outlined in the INTERPOL Manual for Pollution Crime Forensic Investigation. On-site monitoring of the air samples was carried out using Mini Laser Aerosol Spectrometer (GRIMM, Mini-LAS Model 11R). The instrument was capable of measuring particles ranging from 0.25 to 32 µm and classifying them into 31 size channels. The test results at majority of the monitoring locations were well above the limits specified in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of India. Microscopic studies of the dust samples were carried out for surface texture and particle shape. The spatial distribution of particles was analysed using geographic information system (GIS) for the visual identification of the extent of the pollution by keeping the cement factory as the focal point. The results from the GIS and microscopic analysis established the role of the cement factory in the particulate matter pollution of its surroundings, specifically in the areas North-West of the factory. The successfully adopted procedure can serve as a guideline for the environmental forensic investigation of similar pollution incidences.     

中义隧道片理化玄武岩段大变形控制技术研究*

为进一步探究高地应力隧道软岩大变形控制技术，以中义隧道主洞片理化玄武岩段为工程背景，提出大变形Ⅰ型支护、大变形Ⅱ型支护、大变形Ⅱ型支护（围岩加固）3种大变形控制方案，以现场试验段监测为辅助验证，采用数值仿真对3种控制方案的控制效果进行对比分析。结果表明:适宜的支护成环时间具有减缓大变形的作用；在衬砌各部位累计最大变形控制方面，控制方案3较其他方案衬砌最大变形最少减小20.8%，且变形时程曲线最终收敛；围岩最大日变形量控制方面，经过开挖断面的进一步优化以及边墙部位塑性区围岩自承能力的提高，控制方案3最大日变形量较其他支护方案至少减小20.8%。结果显示控制方案3能够稳定控制片理化玄武岩大变形，且效果最好，研究结果可为类似工程提供设计依据。     

四川省眉山市“三线一单”编制案例分析

通过四川省眉山市“三线一单”编制试点工作的开展,探索出适合四川省情、尺度得当、具有可操作性的环境管控单元划分方法和适用技术方法以及生态环境准入清单制定原则,为全省“三线一单”编制工作的顺利推进起到了示范和引领作用。     

工业水处理中节能优化控制的研究

工业水的处理一直以来都是环境工程当中十分重要的一个环节,而要做好这一环节就需要针对其中存在的问题进行科学合理的优化控制过程,本文从这一点出发,提出工业水处理过程中相关的工作内容。     

掘进工作面氡气来源分析和关键治理技术研究

双马煤矿在缓坡副斜井掘进工作面掘进过程中局部地段出现氡气,为了保护作业人员的身体健康保障矿井安全,基于分析研究掘进工作面特殊底层氡气来源、运移规律,以理论指导现场,总结出喷、涂、增、降、检、撤、护七字关键治理技术,从而实现对氡气地质带的有效治理和管控,保障了掘进工作面的安全生产。     

井下采空区构筑物漏风实测装置研发及应用

为了实时动态监测采空区构筑物漏风情况，自主研发了一种井下采空区构筑物漏风实测装置。通过现场实测及应用，研究结果表明:风流从工作面上进风口漏入采空区，而采空区中风流一部分通过与工作面之间的漏风流进入工作面下进风口，在下隅角位置附近形成一个涡流区；另一部分风流穿过沿空留巷构筑物进入留巷内，由于采空区的压实程度不同，采空区侧留巷内漏风速度曲线近似呈“L”型下降；通过收集分析留巷内漏风气体，其结果可反映采空区中瓦斯浓度分布情况，为采空区瓦斯治理提供了一种新的监测技术手段，且能有效地降低采空区瓦斯事故发生率，保证矿井的安全生产。